Mostrando postagens com marcador 9o ANO. Mostrar todas as postagens
Mostrando postagens com marcador 9o ANO. Mostrar todas as postagens
segunda-feira, outubro 27
quarta-feira, janeiro 15
quinta-feira, junho 27
MUST or HAVE TO
There are two modal verbs to show obligation or necessity.
Must Have to
Must
Must is for simple present and usually shows general obligations.
Have to
Have to is not an actual modal verb, but it is used like a modal.
You must conjugate the verb "have" depending on the time and subject.
"Have to" is less formal than Must and is common in conversation.
Must not and Don't have to
"Must not" and "don't have to" are completely different, and their meanings are often confused.
"Must not" is a negative obligation and shows something that is prohibited.
Example:
You must not eat in the computer room.
(Food in the computer room is prohibited.)
"Don't have to" shows something that is not necessary.
Example:
I don't have to work today.
(Working is not necessary.)
If you need more...
http://www.learnenglish-online.com/grammar/modalverbs.html
Must Have to
Must
Must is for simple present and usually shows general obligations.
- Travellers must show their passport before boarding a plane.
- You must use a pencil on the test.
- All employees must wear proper safety equipment.
Have to
Have to is not an actual modal verb, but it is used like a modal.
You must conjugate the verb "have" depending on the time and subject.
- I have to work tomorrow.
- She has to work tomorrow.
- I had to work last night.
- She has had to work every day this week.
"Have to" is less formal than Must and is common in conversation.
Must not and Don't have to
"Must not" and "don't have to" are completely different, and their meanings are often confused.
"Must not" is a negative obligation and shows something that is prohibited.
Example:
You must not eat in the computer room.
(Food in the computer room is prohibited.)
"Don't have to" shows something that is not necessary.
Example:
I don't have to work today.
(Working is not necessary.)
If you need more...
http://www.learnenglish-online.com/grammar/modalverbs.html
quinta-feira, novembro 1
PRESENT PERFECT
Presente Perfeito
Entendendo (finalmente, de uma vez por todas) o “Presente Perfeito”.
Para começar, você deve ter certeza de que já:
01) Sabe conjugar o verbo “to have” no presente.
I have
you have
he has
she has
it has
we have
you have
they have
02) Sabe identificar quando o verbo “to have” é um verbo principal (e não auxiliar).
Presente simples (e não presente perfeito):
They have a book. (Eles têm um livro.)
pergunta: Do they have a book?
negativa: They don’t have a book.
He has a book. (Ele tem um livro.)
pergunta: Does he have a book?
negativa: He doesn’t have a book.
Perceba que após o verbo principal “have” (ou has”, diante da terceira pessoa do singular: “he”, “she”, “it”) não há um segundo verbo no particípio passado.
03) Memorizou aquela lista (sim, aquela famosa lista!) de verbos irregulares em inglês no seu terceiro campo (se isso parece ser um trabalho cansativo demais, a dica é memorizar, no mínimo, os verbos usados com maior frequência).
Primeiro campo (forma básica do verbo):
begin (começar), put (pôr), see (verbo) ...
Segundo campo (formas do passado):
began, put, saw ...
Terceiro campo (particípio passado):
begun (começado), put (posto) , seen (visto) ...
Se o verbo for regular (acabar com “ed”), tudo fica mais fácil porque a terminação “ed” do passado se repete na forma do particípio (walk, walked, walked).
Então, você deve estar ciente de que o presente perfeito é basicamente usado em 2 situações:
Primeira situação (mais lógica em português):
Falar sobre algo que, iniciado no passado, ainda continua no presente:
They moved there 10 years ago. (Eles se mudaram pra lá 10 anos atrás = passado simples).
They still live there. (Eles ainda moram lá = presente simples).
Conclusão:
They have lived there for 10 years. (Eles têm morado lá por 10 anos).
O “for” mostra por quanto tempo algo tem acontecido.
Além do “for”, o “since” (desde) também é muito usado com o presente perfeito.
Se estamos, por exemplo, em 2012 e “eles têm morado lá por 10 anos”, “eles têm morado lá desde” 2002 (2012 – 10).
They have lived there since 2002.
Portanto, o “since” mostra quando se iniciou algo que continua até agora.
No presente perfeito o verbo “have” (ou “has” na terceira pessoa do singular = he, she, it) é um verbo auxiliar (e não principal), então:
They have lived there for ten years. (a contração “They’ve” é possível porque “have” é verbo auxiliar na oração).
Pergunta: Have they lived there for ten years? (não se usa o “do”).
Negativa: They haven’t lived there for ten years. (não se usa o “don’t).
She has lived there since 2002. (a contração “she’s” é possível porque “has” é verbo auxiliar na oração).
Pergunta: Has she lived there since 2002? (não se usa o “does”; o verbo principal – lived – não volta para a forma básica).
Negativa: She hasn’t lived there since 2002. (não se usa o “doesn’t; o verbo principal – lived – não volta para a forma básica).
Segunda situação:
Falar sobre algo acontecido num passado não especificado.
They saw this movie last year. (Eles viram este filme no ano passado = passado simples).
Foi “no ano passado”, o tempo está especificado.
Mas, se, por qualquer razão, a expressão de tempo for removida da frase e não ficar claro quando o ato de ver o filme ocorreu, o presente perfeito deve ser usado.
They’ve seen this movie. (Eles viram este filme).
Repare que, ao contrário da primeira situação, explicada logo acima, o verbo auxiliar “have” (ter) desaparece completamente na traduçãp e o verbo principal “see” (ver) não é traduzido na sua forma do particípio (visto), mas sim como se ele estivesse no passado (viu).
As ideias de “already” (já) e “ever” (já, alguma vez na vida) muitas vezes são transmitidas nesse tempo verbal, mesmo que essas palavras não estejam, de fato, presentes na frase.
I’ve (already) seen the movie. (Eu já vi esse filme = em algum momento da minha vida).
Have you ever talked to Bill? = Você (já) falou com o Bill. (alguma vez na tua vida).
I’ve never talked to him. = Eu nunca falei com ele.
Has she ever eaten caviar? = Ela já comeu caviar?.
She’s eaten caviar many times. = Ela comeu caviar muitas vezes. (sabe-se que isso aconteceu muitas vezes, mas não se menciona quando foram essas vezes).
Cuidado:
É possível que uma oração contenha uma expressão de tempo e, ainda assim, o presente perfeito seja necessário (ao invés do passado simples).
Um sujeito sempre bebe 3 xícaras de café por dia. Uma de manhã, outra de tarde e a última de noite, às 20h00.
Às 23h00, na cama, minutos antes de dormir, ele diz para a esposa dele:
Eu bebi três xícaras de café hoje.
Isso viraria um passado simples em inglês:
I drank three cups of coffee today.
Mas, diferentemente, mais cedo, ao meio dia, por exemplo, ele poderia dizer para a secretária dele algo muito semelhante:
Eu bebi uma xícara de café hoje.
Entretanto, Isso viraria um presente perfeito em inglês:
I’ve drunk one cup of coffee today.
O presente perfeito seria necessário, apesar do “today” (hoje = expressão de tempo) porque o dia ainda não acabou e ele pode vir a tomar mais café.
Cuidado, também:
a) She’s a doctor.
O “’s” é o “is”. (Ela é uma doutora).
b) Let’s eat.
O “’s” é o “us”. (Vamos comer).
c) The work’s done by Mary.
O “s” é o “is”. (O trabalho é feito pela Mary).
É uma voz passiva; a ativa seria:
Mary does the work. (A Mary faz o trabalho.).
d) Mary’s finished the book.
O “s” é o “has”. (A Mary acabou o trabalho).
Não se mencionada quando a Mary encerrou o trabalho.
Bom estudo :-)
segunda-feira, outubro 29
Relative Pronouns
Who (o/a qual, que, quem)
- refers to persons and to the subject.
An astronaut is a person who travels in space.
Whom (o/a qual, que, quem)
- refers to persons when they are not the subject; it often used with a preposition
This is the man whom I saw stealing. (I saw the man)
That’s the boy with whom I play football. (I play with him)
Which (que, a/o qual, as/os quais)
- refers to things and animals
Catco is a company which makes toys.
That (que, quem, a/o qual)
- refers to persons, things and animals; it can replace who and which
This toy is a bag that changes into a ball.
Directors are people that have a lot of responsibility.
Whose
(cujo, cuja, cujos, cujas)
- means possession
and refers to
persons, things and animals
Mr
Johnson is the person whose job is to sell the toys.
That
is the house whose owner is my uncle.
A. Complete with WHO, WHOM, WHICH or WHOSE.
1. I am the person ______________ wrote to you.
2. That’s the boy ______________ was playing football yesterday.
3. I haven’t seen many people ______________ face I knew.
4. She is the girl ______________ I met yesterday.
5. That’s the old woman ______________ the children helped cross
the road.
6. I know a girl ______________ father is a good surgeon.
7. He sold the house in ______________ he used to live.
8. We didn’t know ______________ that man was.
9. The girl ______________ you saw at the door is my sister.
10. This is the car ______________ the mechanic repaired
yesterday.
11. This is the book ______________ was expensive.
12. I wanted to know ______________ he saw dancing with her.
13. Mr Morrison is the man ______________ lives near the Millers.
14. Mr Green is the postman ______________ delivers our letters.
15. I don’t like the house ______________ is near school.
16. They wanted to know ______________ I was phoning.
17. That is the woman ______________ flat is very modern.
18. They asked her ______________ she had offered the flowers.
19. We didn’t know ______________ that man was.
20. Everyday I carry a bag ______________ is very happy.
21. That is the man ______________ son is very famous.
B. Complete with the missing relatives.
Mr Gordon, ____________ lives near London, has a friend with
____________
he goes everyday. In
the morning, he goes
to the garage, ____________ is
behind his house, and takes out the car ____________ is in it.
The friend ____________ he takes in his car is Mr Smith,
____________ has no
car. They work in an office ____________ street is very busy.
When Mr Gordon arrives at
his office, he reads the letters ____________ he
has on his table, and talks to the secretary ____________ works
with him.
Simple Past – Present Perfect Simple
Form
| Simple Past | Present Perfect Simple |
|---|---|
irregular verbs: see 2nd column of irregular verbs
|
irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd column of irregular verbs
|
regular verbs: infinitive + ed
|
regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + ed
|
| Exceptions | |
Exceptions when adding 'ed':
| |
See also explanations on Simple Past and Present Perfect Simple
Use
In British English, the use of Simple Past and Present Perfect is quite strict. As soon as a time expression in the past is given, you have to use Simple Past. If there are no signal words, you must decide if we just talk about an action in the past or if its consequence in the present is important.
Note that the following explanations and exercises refer to British English only. In American English, you can normally use Simple Past instead of Present Perfect. We cannot accept this in our exercises, however, as this would lead to confusions amongst those who have to learn the differences.
Certain time in the past or just / already / yet?
Do you want to express that an action happened at a certain time in the past (even if it was just a few seconds ago) or that an action has just / already / not yet happened?
| Simple Past | Present Perfect Simple |
|---|---|
certain time in the past
|
just / already / not yet
|
Certain event in the past or how often so far?
Do you want to express when a certain action took place or whether / how often an action has happened till now?
| Simple Past | Present Perfect Simple |
|---|---|
certain event in the past
| whether / how often till now
|
Emphasis on action or result?
Do you just want to express what happened in the past? Or do you want to emphasise the result (a past action's consequence in the present)?
| Simple Past | Present Perfect Simple |
|---|---|
Emphasis on action
|
Emphasis on result
|
Signal Words
| Simple Past | Present Perfect Simple |
|---|---|
|
|
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